کتابخانه

Table of Contents

VOLUME 1: MEASUREMENT AND SAFETY

General Considerations
Accuracy and Rangeability
Binary Logic Diagrams
Calibration
Configuring Intelligent Field Devices
Evaluation of Instrument Quality
Instrument Installation
Redundant and Voting Systems
Soft Sensors
Terminology for Automation and Testing
Uncertainty

Flow Measurement
Application and Selection
Applications: Abrasive, Corrosive, Slurry, Viscous
Applications: Bidirectional Flow Meters
Applications: Multiphase Crude Oil Metering
Applications: Multiphase and Subsea Flow Meters
Anemometers
BTU Flow Measurement: Fuel Gas
BTU Flow Measurement
Cross-Correlation Flow Metering
Elbow Meters
Flow Switches
Flow Meter Calibration and Maintenance
Installation of d/p Transmitters
Laminar Flow Meters
Magnetic Flow Meters
Mass Flow Meters: Coriolis
Mass Flow Meters: Indirect and Turbine
Mass Flow Meters: Thermal
Metering Pumps
Oil and Gas-Custody Transfer Measurements and Calculations
Orifices
Paddle Flow Switches
Pitot and Area-Averaging Tubes
Positive-Displacement Gas Flow Meters
Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers
Purge Flow Regulators
Segmental Wedge Flow Meter
Sight Flow Indicators
Solids Flow Meters and Feeders
Target Meters
Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flow Meters
Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Variable Area, Gap, and Vane Flow Meters
Venturi, Proprietary Tubes, and Flow Nozzles
Vortex and Fluidic Flow Meters
V-Shaped Cone Flow Elements
Weirs and Flumes

Level Measurement
Selection of Level Detectors
Installation Considerations
Applications: Interface, Foam, Boiling Services
Applications: Non-Contacting, Non-Penetrating
Applications: Tank Gauges for Oil and Gas
Applications: Water Level Measurement in Nuclear Reactors
Bubblers
Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance
Conductivity and Field-Effect Level Switches
Diaphragm Level Detectors
Differential Pressure Level Detectors
Displacer Type Level Detectors
Float Level Devices
Laser Level Sensors
Level Gauges, Including Magnetic
Magnetostrictive Level Transmitters
Microwave Level Switches
Optical and IR Level Switches
Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, and PDS)
Radar
Radiation Level Sensors
Resistance Tapes
Rotating Paddle Switches
Tank Farm Gauges for Custody Transfer (ATG) and for Solids Level Detection Designs
Thermal Dispersion Level Sensors
Ultrasonic Level Detectors
Vibrating Level Switches

Temperature Measurement
Selection of Temperature Sensors
Applications: Cryogenic Temperature Measurement
Applications: High Temperature
Bimetallic Thermometers
Calibrators and Simulators
Cones, Crayons, Labels, Paints, and Pellets
Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers
Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes
Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors
Optical Fiber Thermometers (OFT)
Pyrometers
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
Temperature Switches and Thermostats
Thermistors
Thermocouples
Thermowells, Design and Installation
Ultrasonic Thermometers

Pressure Measurement
Selection and Application of Pressure Detectors
Accessories (Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, Manifolds)
Bellows Type Pressure Sensors
Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors
Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors
Differential Pressure Instruments
Electronic Pressure Sensors
High-Pressure Sensors
Manometers
Pneumatic Repeaters and Boosters
Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches
Pressure Gauges
Pressure Scanners
Vacuum Sensors

Density Measurement
Density Applications and Selection
Displacement and Float-Type Densitometers
Gas Densitometers
Hydrometers
Hydrostatic Densitometers
Coriolis Densitometers
Radiation Densitometers
Ultrasonic Sludge Slurry Densitometers
Vibrating Densitometers
Weighing Densitometers

Miscellaneous Measurement
Building Optimization Sensors
Corrosion Monitoring
Electric Energy Management: Demand Shedding
Electric Meters Amps, Ohms, Volts, Watts
Leak Detectors
Machine Vision Technology
Metal Detectors
Noise Sensors and Nondestructive Testing
Nuclear Reactor Measurements
Pipe Integrity Gauges, "PIGs"
Position Measurement and Positioners
Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches
Solar Collector Positioning
Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors
Thickness and Dimension Measurement
Torque and Force Measurement
Transportation-Related Sensors
Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration
Visual Inspection Tools, Boroscopes
Weather Stations
Weight Detectors, Load Cells
Weighing Systems: General Considerations

Safety Measurement
Annunciators and Alarms Management
Electrical and Intrinsic Safety
Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves
Explosion Proofing of Instrumentation
Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems
Flame Arrestors, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents
Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors
Nuclear Radiation Detectors
Offshore Oil Industry Safety Automation
Relief Valves: Determination of Required Capacity
Relief Valves: Sizing, Specification, and Installation
Rupture Disks
Safety: 3-Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima Accidents

Transmitters
Transmitters: Electronic
Transmitters: Fiber-Optic
Transmitters: Pneumatic
Transmitters: Smart, Multivariable
Transmitters: Wireless

Appendix
Flow Sheet Symbols and Identifications
Conversion among Units
Definitions: Measurement-Related Terms
Definitions: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
Definitions: Abbreviated Organization Names
Steam and Water Tables
Friction Loss in Pipes
Tank Volumes
Chemical Compatibility of Materials
Composition and Properties of Metallic and Other Materials

VOLUME 2: ANALYSIS AND ANALYZERS

Analytical Measurement
Analyzer Selection and Application
Ammonia Analyzers
Analyzer Sampling: Air Monitoring
Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates
Analyzer Sampling: General Process
Biometers to Quantify Microorganisms
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine Analyzers
Chromatographs: Gas
Chromatographs: Liquid
Coal Analyzers
Colorimeters
Combustible Gas or Vapor Sensors
Conductivity Analyzers
Consistency Measurement
Corrosion Monitoring
Cyanide (CNWAD) Analyzers
Differential Vapor Pressure
Dioxin, PCB, and Furan Analysis
Electrochemical Analyzers
Elemental Analyzers
Fiber-Optic Probes
Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors
Fluoride Analyzers
Hazardous and Toxic Gas Monitoring
Heating Value Calorimeters
Hydrocarbon Analyzers
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Detectors
Hydrogen Analyzers
Hydrogen Sulfide
Infrared and Near-Infrared Analyzers
Ion-Selective Electrodes
Leak Detectors
Mass Spectrometers
Mercury in Ambient Air
Mercury in Water
Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point
Moisture in Gases and Liquids
Moisture in Solids
Molecular Weight of Liquids
Natural Gas Measurements
Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen
Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers
Odor Detection
Oil in or on Water
Oxidation–Reduction Potential
Oxygen Demands (BOD, COD, TOD)
Oxygen in Gases
Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen)
Ozone in Gas
Ozone in Water
Particle Size and Distribution Monitors
Particulates, Opacity, Smoke Detection, and Sampling
pH Measurement
Phosphate Analyzer
Physical Properties Analyzers: ASTM Methods
Raman Analyzers
Refractometers
Rheometers
Sand Concentration and Subsea Pipeline Erosion Detectors
Spectrophotometers, Open Path
Streaming Current Particle Charge Analyzer
Sulfur Dioxide and Trioxide
Sulfur in Oil and Gas
Thermal Conductivity Detectors
Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon Analyzers
Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids
Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers
Viscometers: Application and Selection
Viscometers: Industrial
Viscometers
Water Quality Monitoring
Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers

Appendix
Definitions
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Organization Name Abbreviations
Flowsheet and Functional Diagrams Symbols
Conversion among Engineering Units
Chemical Resistance of Materials
Composition of Materials
Steam Tables